Smart Sensor Architectures for Multimedia Sensing in IoMT

[EN] Today, a wide range of developments and paradigms require the use of embedded systems characterized by restrictions on their computing capacity, consumption, cost, and network connection. The evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) towards Industrial IoT (IIoT) or the Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT), its impact within the 4.0 industry, the evolution of cloud computing towards edge or fog computing, also called near-sensor computing, or the increase in the use of embedded vision, are current examples of this trend. One of the most common methods of reducing energy consumption is the use of processor frequency scaling, based on a particular policy. The algorithms to define this policy are intended to obtain good responses to the workloads that occur in smarthphones. There has been no study that allows a correct definition of these algorithms for workloads such as those expected in the above scenarios. This paper presents a method to determine the operating parameters of the dynamic governor algorithm called Interactive, which offers significant improvements in power consumption, without reducing the performance of the application. These improvements depend on the load that the system has to support, so the results are evaluated against three different loads, from higher to lower, showing improvements ranging from 62% to 26%.This work has been supported by the MCyU (Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities) under the project ATLAS (PGC2018-094151-B-I00), which is partially funded by AEI, FEDER and EU.Silvestre-Blanes, J.; Sempere Paya, VM.; Albero Albero, T. (2020). Smart Sensor Architectures for Multimedia Sensing in IoMT. Sensors. 20(5):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051400S116205Bangemann, T., Riedl, M., Thron, M., & Diedrich, C. (2016). Integration of Classical Components Into Industrial Cyber–Physical Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 104(5), 947-959. doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2510981Wollschlaeger, M., Sauter, T., & Jasperneite, J. (2017). The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0. IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 11(1), 17-27. doi:10.1109/mie.2017.2649104Salehi, M., & Ejlali, A. (2015). A Hardware Platform for Evaluating Low-Energy Multiprocessor Embedded Systems Based on COTS Devices. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(2), 1262-1269. doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2352215Alvi, S. A., Afzal, B., Shah, G. A., Atzori, L., & Mahmood, W. (2015). Internet of multimedia things: Vision and challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 33, 87-111. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2015.04.006Jridi, M., Chapel, T., Dorez, V., Le Bougeant, G., & Le Botlan, A. (2018). SoC-Based Edge Computing Gateway in the Context of the Internet of Multimedia Things: Experimental Platform. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications, 8(1), 1. doi:10.3390/jlpea8010001Memos, V. A., Psannis, K. E., Ishibashi, Y., Kim, B.-G., & Gupta, B. B. (2018). An Efficient Algorithm for Media-based Surveillance System (EAMSuS) in IoT Smart City Framework. Future Generation Computer Systems, 83, 619-628. doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.04.039Chianese, A., Piccialli, F., & Riccio, G. (2015). Designing a Smart Multisensor Framework Based on Beaglebone Black Board. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 391-397. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45402-2_60Wang, W., Wang, Q., & Sohraby, K. (2016). Multimedia Sensing as a Service (MSaaS): Exploring Resource Saving Potentials of at Cloud-Edge IoTs and Fogs. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1-1. doi:10.1109/jiot.2016.2578722Munir, A., Gordon-Ross, A., & Ranka, S. (2014). Multi-Core Embedded Wireless Sensor Networks: Architecture and Applications. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 25(6), 1553-1562. doi:10.1109/tpds.2013.219Baali, H., Djelouat, H., Amira, A., & Bensaali, F. (2018). Empowering Technology Enabled Care Using IoT and Smart Devices: A Review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(5), 1790-1809. doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2786301Kim, Y. G., Kong, J., & Chung, S. W. (2018). A Survey on Recent OS-Level Energy Management Techniques for Mobile Processing Units. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 29(10), 2388-2401. doi:10.1109/tpds.2018.2822683Chaib Draa, I., Niar, S., Tayeb, J., Grislin, E., & Desertot, M. (2016). Sensing user context and habits for run-time energy optimization. EURASIP Journal on Embedded Systems, 2017(1). doi:10.1186/s13639-016-0036-8Chen, Y.-L., Chang, M.-F., Yu, C.-W., Chen, X.-Z., & Liang, W.-Y. (2018). Learning-Directed Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling Scheme with Adjustable Performance for Single-Core and Multi-Core Embedded and Mobile Systems. Sensors, 18(9), 3068. doi:10.3390/s18093068Tamilselvan, K., & Thangaraj, P. (2020). Pods – A novel intelligent energy efficient and dynamic frequency scalings for multi-core embedded architectures in an IoT environment. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 72, 102907. doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2019.10290

Analysis and evaluation of the establishment and maintenance of paths in a MANET used for industrial process monitoring

The use of wireless networks is having an ever greater impact on systems controlling automation, industrial manufacturing, distributed control and supervision. Wireless technologies in particular have penetrated quickly the area of control of public utilities networks, and typical examples of this are remote control and supervision of large water, gas or electricity distribution networks. These types of networks are usually formed of a central station and different remote stations, and remote clients who are able to remotely monitor or even control the working of the system. To improve the use of the system, the remote stations must have the capacity to exchange information between each other and with the central station. The spontaneous generation of wireless networks in remote stations to exchange information between workers is a possible solution. Taking into account the characteristics of this type of monitoring system, the paper has proposed a scenario (number of nodes, area size, mobility) and has modeled, using stochastic activity networks (SAN), the operation of an ad hoc network that uses a reactive routing protocol to determine if the network is able to offer the typical services of these facilities (images or video streaming and alerts).This work was supported by the MCyT (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) under the projects TIN2010-21378-C02-02, whose are partially funded by FEDER. The first author has been further supported by the ITI (Instituto Tecnologico de Informatica).Albero Albero, T.; Sempere Paya, VM.; Mataix Oltra, J. (2013). Analysis and evaluation of the establishment and maintenance of paths in a MANET used for industrial process monitoring. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 37:79-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2013.05.009S79983

A Public Fabric Database for Defect Detection Methods and Results

[EN] The use of image processing for the detection and classification of defects has been a reality for some time in science and industry. New methods are continually being presented to improve every aspect of this process. However, these new approaches are applied to a small, private collection of images, which makes a real comparative study of these methods very difficult. The objective of this paper was to compile a public annotated benchmark, that is, an extensive set of images with and without defects, and make these public, to enable the direct comparison of detection and classification methods. Moreover, different methods are reviewed and one of these is applied to the set of images; the results of which are also presented in this paper.The authors thank for the financial support provided by IVACE (Institut Valencia de Competitivitat Empresarial, Spain) and FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Europe), throughout the projects: AUTOVIMOTION and INTELITEX.Silvestre-Blanes, J.; Albero Albero, T.; Miralles, I.; Pérez-Llorens, R.; Moreno, J. (2019). A Public Fabric Database for Defect Detection Methods and Results. AUTEX Research Journal. 19(4):363-374. https://doi.org/10.2478/aut-2019-0035S36337419

TSCH Multiflow Scheduling with QoS Guarantees: A Comparison of SDN with Common Schedulers

[EN] Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN) are becoming increasingly popular in production environments due to their ease of deployment, low cost and energy efficiency. However, the complexity and accuracy demanded by these environments requires that IWSN implement quality of service mechanisms that allow them to operate with high determinism. For this reason, the IEEE 802.15.4e standard incorporates the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) protocol which reduces interference and increases the reliability of transmissions. This standard does not specify how time resources are allocated in TSCH scheduling, leading to multiple scheduling solutions. Schedulers can be classified as autonomous, distributed and centralised. The first two have prevailed over the centralised ones because they do not require high signalling, along with the advantages of ease of deployment and high performance. However, the increased QoS requirements and the diversity of traffic flows that circulate through the network in today's Industry 4.0 environment require strict, dynamic control to guarantee parameters such as delay, packet loss and deadline, independently for each flow. That cannot always be achieved with distributed or autonomous schedulers. For this reason, it is necessary to use centralised protocols with a disruptive approach, such as Software Defined Networks (SDN). In these, not only is the control of the MAC layer centralised, but all the decisions of the nodes that make up the network are configured by the controller based on a global vision of the topology and resources, which allows optimal decisions to be made. In this work, a comparative analysis is made through simulation and a testbed of the different schedulers to demonstrate the benefits of a fully centralized approach such as SDN. The results obtained show that with SDN it is possible to simplify the management of multiple flows, without the problems of centralised schedulers. SDN maintains the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) levels of other distributed solutions, but in addition, it achieves greater determinism with bounded end-to-end delays and Deadline Satisfaction Ratio (DSR) at the cost of increased power consumption.This work has been supported by DAIS (https://dais-project.eu/) which has received funding from the ECSEL Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 101007273. The JU receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Germany, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Turkey. It has also been funded by Generalitat Valenciana through the "Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial-IVACE". Furthermore, has been supported by the MCyU (Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities) under the project ATLAS (PGC2018-094151-B-I00), which is partially funded by AEI, FEDER and EU.Orozco-Santos, F.; Sempere Paya, VM.; Silvestre-Blanes, J.; Albero Albero, T. (2022). TSCH Multiflow Scheduling with QoS Guarantees: A Comparison of SDN with Common Schedulers. Applied Sciences. 12(1):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/app1201011911912

Enhancing SDN WISE with Slicing Over TSCH

[EN] IWSNs (Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks) have become the next step in the evolution of WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) due to the nature and demands of modern industry. With this type of network, flexible and scalable architectures can be created that simultaneously support traffic sources with different characteristics. Due to the great diversity of application scenarios, there is a need to implement additional capabilities that can guarantee an adequate level of reliability and that can adapt to the dynamic behavior of the applications in use. The use of SDNs (Software Defined Networks) extends the possibilities of control over the network and enables its deployment at an industrial level. The signaling traffic exchanged between nodes and controller is heavy and must occupy the same channel as the data traffic. This difficulty can be overcome with the segmentation of the traffic into flows, and correct scheduling at the MAC (Medium Access Control) level, known as slices. This article proposes the integration in the SDN controller of a traffic manager, a routing process in charge of assigning different routes according to the different flows, as well as the introduction of the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) Scheduler. In addition, the TSCH (Time Slotted Channel Hopping) is incorporated in the SDN-WISE framework (Software Defined Networking solution for Wireless Sensor Networks), and this protocol has been modified to send the TSCH schedule. These elements are jointly responsible for scheduling and segmenting the traffic that will be sent to the nodes through a single packet from the controller and its performance has been evaluated through simulation and a testbed. The results obtained show how flexibility, adaptability, and determinism increase thanks to the joint use of the routing process and the TSCH Scheduler, which makes it possible to create a slicing by flows, which have different quality of service requirements. This in turn helps guarantee their QoS characteristics, increase the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) for the flow with the highest priority, maintain the DMR (Deadline Miss Ratio), and increase the network lifetime.This work has been supported by the MCyU (Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities) under the project ATLAS (PGC2018-094151-B-I00), which is partially funded by AEI, FEDER and EU and has been possible thanks to the collaboration of the Instituto Tecnologico de Informatica (ITI) of Valencia.Orozco-Santos, F.; Sempere Paya, VM.; Albero Albero, T.; Silvestre-Blanes, J. (2021). Enhancing SDN WISE with Slicing Over TSCH. Sensors. 21(4):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041075S12921

Geometry and kinematics of the Río Grío fault zone: Evidence of Alpine transpression in the Iberian Chain

La falla de Río Grío constituye uno de los principales accidentes que segmentan la Cordillera Ibérica.Mantiene dirección NNW-SSE, y está caracterizada por la presencia de una zona de falla con rocas asociadas (harinas y brechas de falla), con un espesor de decenas de metros. En este trabajo se presenta el análisis a escala mesoestructural de la zona de falla. Esta falla discurre próxima al cabalgamiento de Datos, la principal estructural Varisca de este sector de la Cordillera Ibérica. La cartografía detallada realizada revela que la zona de falla de Río Grío está compuesta por lentículas hectométricas, que muestran una geometría anastomosada y fuerte buzamiento hacia el sur. La estructura interna de las lentículas presenta elementos triásicos y ordovícicos, con pliegues apretados, zonas brechificadas y foliación. Los sentidos de movimiento deducidos a escala meso- (ejes de pliegues, estrías...) y microestructural (foliación, estructuras S/C) tienen fuerte componente inversa y direccional dextra, indicando una partición de la deformación entre las diferentes lentículas. El conjunto de la estructura se interpreta como el resultado de la reactivación durante la compresión cenozoica NNE-SSW a NE-SW de zonas de debilidad probablemente formadas durante la época tardihercínicaThe Río Grío fault is one of the main structures that cut across the Iberian Chain (NE Spain). It shows a NW-SE strike, and constitutes a fault zone with associated fault rocks (fault gauge, fault breccia), with thickness of tens of meters. In this work,we present the analysis at mesostructural scale of the fault zone.At the map scale, the Río Grío fault is nearly parallel to the Datos thrust, the main Variscan structure in this sector of the Iberian Chain. A detailed map of the fault zone shows that the Río Grío fault zone consists of several hectometre-scale anastomosing lenses strongly dipping to the South. The internal structure of these lenses shows Triassic and Ordovician fragments, with tight folds, brechified zones and widespread foliation. Displacement senses inferred from meso- (fold axis, striations...) and micro-structures (foliation, S/C structures) show strong reverse, dip-slip and dextral, strikeslip components, indicating strain partitioning between the different lenses. The whole structure is interpreted as the result of the re-activation, during the NNE-SSW to NE-SW Cenozoic compression, of weakness areas probably formed during the Late-Variscan stag

Programa de educación para la salud: dirigido a pacientes con diabetes mellitus: pie diabético

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus (DM) se define como una enfermedad crónica que engloba un grupo heterogéneo de procesos cuya característica común es la hiperglucemia. A nivel mundial, su prevalencia ha pasado del 4,7% al 8,5% en los últimos años, por ello y por su elevado coste económico y el número de muertes prematuras que provoca, podría considerarse como uno de los principales problemas de salud mundial. Entre sus complicaciones vasculares destaca el pie diabético, cuyas cifras de prevalencia oscilan entre el 8% y el 13% de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus, y constituye un problema médico, social y económico. La diabetes mellitus y en concreto el pie diabético, representan un reto para enfermería. Es por esta razón que, las actividades educativas e intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la salud, se convierten en pilares fundamentales de la atención. Objetivo: realizar una propuesta de programa de educación para la salud, destinado a pacientes diabéticos de entre 35 a 50 años del Centro de Salud Rebolería, con la finalidad de prevenir entre otras complicaciones, el pie diabético. Metodología: se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica durante los meses de enero a marzo del 2017. Para ello, se han consultado diferentes bases de datos científicas, guías de práctica clínica, libros de la Universidad de Zaragoza y páginas web, además de una entrevista a un profesional de enfermería. Gracias a la información recopilada a través de estas, ha sido posible la elaboración de la propuesta de programa de salud. Conclusiones: si este programa se llevara a cabo, los pacientes diagnosticados de diabetes mellitus ampliarían sus conocimientos acerca de la enfermedad, adquirirían conciencia de la importancia de una alimentación saludable y obtendrían las habilidades necesarias para el autocuidado.<br /

Geometría y cinemática de la zona de falla de Río Grío: evidencias de transpresión alpina en la Cadena Ibérica

La falla de Río Grío constituye uno de los principales accidentes que segmentan la Cordillera Ibérica.Mantiene dirección NNW-SSE, y está caracterizada por la presencia de una zona de falla con rocas asociadas (harinas y brechas de falla), con un espesor de decenas de metros. En este trabajo se presenta el análisis a escala mesoestructural de la zona de falla. Esta falla discurre próxima al cabalgamiento de Datos, la principal estructural Varisca de este sector de la Cordillera Ibérica. La cartografía detallada realizada revela que la zona de falla de Río Grío está compuesta por lentículas hectométricas, que muestran una geometría anastomosada y fuerte buzamiento hacia el sur. La estructura interna de las lentículas presenta elementos triásicos y ordovícicos, con pliegues apretados, zonas brechificadas y foliación. Los sentidos de movimiento deducidos a escala meso- (ejes de pliegues, estrías...) y microestructural (foliación, estructuras S/C) tienen fuerte componente inversa y direccional dextra, indicando una partición de la deformación entre las diferentes lentículas. El conjunto de la estructura se interpreta como el resultado de la reactivación durante la compresión cenozoica NNE-SSW a NE-SW de zonas de debilidad probablemente formadas durante la época tardihercínica

Vapor-Phase Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Using Hybrid Methylammonium Copper and Lead Perovskites

[EN] Films or powders of hybrid methylammonium copper halide perovskite exhibit photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting in the vapor phase in the absence of any sacrificial agent, resulting in the generation of H-2 and O-2, reaching a maximum production rate of 6 mu mol H-2 x g cat(-1)h(-1) efficiency. The photocatalytic activity depends on the composition, degreasing all inorganic Cs2CuCl2Br2 perovskite and other Cl/Br proportions in the methylammonium hybrids. XRD indicates that MA(2)CuCl(2)Br(2) is stable under irradiation conditions in agreement with the linear H-2 production with the irradiation time. Similar to copper analogue, hybrid methylammonium lead halide perovskites also promote the overall photocatalytic water splitting, but with four times less efficiency than the Cu analogues. The present results show that, although moisture is strongly detrimental to the photovoltaic applications of hybrid perovskites, it is still possible to use these materials as photocatalysts for processes requiring moisture due to the lack of relevance in the photocatalytic processes of interparticle charge migration.This research was funded by the Fundacion Ramon Areces (XVII Concurso Nacional para la adjudicacion de Ayudas a la Investigacion en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia), Intramural CSIC project 201680I006, and the Spanish Ministry of Spain Severo Ochoa Program, grant number SEV-2016-0683, grant number MAT2015-69669-P.García, T.; García-Aboal, R.; Albero-Sancho, J.; Atienzar Corvillo, PE.; García Gómez, H. (2020). Vapor-Phase Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Using Hybrid Methylammonium Copper and Lead Perovskites. Nanomaterials. 10(5):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10050960S11410